How Sally Reversed Pre-diabetes & Lost 60 lbs in Menopause (Women 40+)
September 03, 2025When you hit your 60s and menopause sets in it can feel like your body’s working against you. Weight creeps up blood sugar rises and every diet you’ve tried seems to stall. Sally knows exactly how that feels—but her story proves it’s possible to turn things around even when the odds seem stacked.
Through smart changes and a step-by-step approach Sally reversed pre-diabetes and lost 60 lbs in her 60s. Her journey isn’t about quick fixes or impossible routines—it’s about discovering what works for your body now. If you’re looking for encouragement and real strategies you’re in the right place.
If you want expert guidance alongside this article we created a step-by-step GLP-1 Optimization System for women 40+ by Dr Onyx MD PhD. Link at the end.
This content is educational and not medical advice.
Sally’s Story: Battling Pre-diabetes and Menopausal Weight Gain
Sally faced stubborn menopausal weight gain and rising A1C in her early 60s. Family history of diabetes, relentless sugar cravings, and joint sensitivity made progress difficult. Initial changes like intermittent fasting and skipping meals didn’t help. Three years of trial and error led to cycles of losing and regaining the same 10 pounds. Sleep disruptions and mood swings showed any drastic calorie cuts backfired.
To break the pattern, Sally tracked her meals daily, aiming for 100g of protein and 25g of fiber from foods like wild salmon, low-fat yogurt, legumes, and leafy greens. She switched to walking 30 minutes five days weekly rather than high-impact routines that strained her knees. Hydration remained a top priority, using a 32-ounce water bottle to hit a 64-ounce daily target. Small adjustments—like using a standing desk in the afternoon and taking movement breaks every hour—added up.
In eight months, Sally reversed pre-diabetes with her A1C dropping from 6.1% to 5.4%. Waist circumference shrank by 7 inches. Research from the Diabetes Prevention Program suggests sustained, gradual changes in diet and activity may help lower blood sugar in postmenopausal women.
Ready for a structured plan that fits hormones after 40? Explore Dr. Onyx’s Complete GLP-1 Optimization System → https://casadesante.com/products/dr-onyx-md-phd-complete-glp-1-optimization-system
Sally credits small, consistent behavior shifts—rather than extreme diets or supplements—for sustainable weight loss and improved energy. She prioritized muscle-preserving strength sessions twice weekly, using 5–10 lb dumbbells for squats, chest presses, and rows. Facing time constraints, she batch-prepped meals and used a slow cooker for high-fiber soups. Menopausal hot flashes lessened as A1C and body fat dropped.
Key Takeaways
- Consistency with moderate protein and fiber intake may help blunt blood sugar spikes
- Low-impact activity (e.g. walking) is joint-friendly and sustainable for women in menopause
- Tracking meals offers awareness and accountability without extreme restriction
- Small daily movements and hydration support steady progress
FAQ
How much protein is ideal per meal for women after 40?
Aim for 25–30g protein per meal, since research suggests this amount may help preserve muscle during weight loss.
Do I need to avoid all carbs to lower A1C?
No. Emphasize complex carbs such as beans, quinoa, and vegetables, and pair them with protein to minimize blood sugar swings.
What movement is safest for sore joints?
Walking, swimming, or gentle resistance routines (e.g. bands, light dumbbells) reduce impact and support mobility.
How can women improve sleep when changing diets in menopause?
Eating earlier in the evening and including magnesium-rich foods like pumpkin seeds may support better rest, based on sleep studies.
Are GLP-1 strategies safe for women over 40?
Current research shows GLP-1 based programs may benefit weight and glucose management when guided by qualified professionals. Explore best practices and customization in Dr. Onyx’s Complete GLP-1 Optimization System.
Conclusion
Sally’s approach demonstrates that individualized nutrition, consistent movement, and tracking work together for women in menopause. Small, sustainable changes add up over time.
Understanding the Challenges of Menopause and Pre-diabetes in Your 60s
Menopause in your 60s brings a unique set of challenges for weight loss and stable blood sugar. Hormonal changes, metabolic shifts and sleep issues often create barriers that aren’t addressed by standard weight loss advice.
Why Menopause Makes Weight Loss Harder
Declining estrogen and progesterone increase insulin resistance, which may promote fat storage, especially around your waist (“meno belly”). Your resting metabolic rate drops with muscle loss, which means you burn fewer calories at rest. Sleep issues like night sweats, insomnia or disrupted REM sleep also increase cravings and appetite, further complicating weight management.
Women 40+ often face:
- Lower energy for long workouts
- Joint discomfort with high-impact exercise
- Heightened carbohydrate cravings after poor sleep
Adapting meal plans to prioritize lean protein (about 25–30g per meal), high-fiber foods (vegetables, legumes, whole grains) and healthy fats may help preserve muscle, increase satiety and stabilize blood sugar. Activity regimens emphasizing low-impact movement (walking 30 min/day, 3–5x a week, plus resistance training 2x/week) fit common time and joint constraints.
Ready for a structured plan that fits hormones after 40?
Explore Dr. Onyx’s Complete GLP-1 Optimization System → https://casadesante.com/products/dr-onyx-md-phd-complete-glp-1-optimization-system
The Link Between Menopause and Pre-diabetes
Menopause increases your risk of pre-diabetes through shifts in body composition and biochemical markers. Decreased estrogen promotes central fat gain and reduces lean mass, making it easier for cells to become resistant to insulin. Research suggests about 40% of adults aged 45–64 have pre-diabetes, and the risk rises if you experience poor sleep or a sedentary lifestyle.
Postmenopausal women often show higher fasting blood sugar and inflammation markers compared to premenopausal peers. Studies associate early menopause with increased diabetes risk, possibly due to longer exposure to metabolic risk factors. Components of metabolic syndrome—higher blood pressure, triglycerides or low HDL—also tend to worsen in menopause. These connections indicate why lifestyle changes make a measurable impact at this age.
Key Takeaways
- Declining hormones in your 60s slow metabolism and raise insulin resistance
- Losing muscle and sleeping poorly create more barriers to weight and blood sugar control
- Diets rich in lean protein, fiber and healthy fats may support weight loss and appetite management
- Consistent low-impact exercise builds muscle and sustains metabolic health
- Monitoring sleep quality and stress management may help lower pre-diabetes risk
FAQ
How do I know if menopause is affecting my metabolism?
Symptoms like sudden weight gain, new belly fat, trouble losing weight and fatigue may suggest hormonal changes are slowing metabolism.
What types of exercise are best if I have joint pain?
Low-impact options like walking, swimming, cycling and chair-based resistance training help protect joints while maintaining muscle.
How often should I track my meals?
Tracking meals for at least 5–7 days may help you spot which foods raise blood sugar or leave you hungry soon after.
Do high-protein diets help during menopause?
Research suggests aiming for 25–30g of protein per meal helps preserve muscle mass and increases fullness, supporting weight goals.
What are GLP-1 best practices for women over 40?
GLP-1 strategies work best when combined with balanced nutrition, gradual activity increases and consistent routines. For support, consider Dr. Onyx’s GLP-1 Optimization System for women 40+.
How do sleep and stress impact pre-diabetes risk?
Regular poor sleep and high stress increase cortisol and blood sugar, which may accelerate pre-diabetes progression.
Conclusion
Understanding and addressing the unique changes menopause brings can transform your path to health. Combining protein-focused meals, low-impact activity, sleep support and structured guidance provides a powerful formula for women in their 60s seeking to reverse pre-diabetes and lose weight.
Sally’s Turning Point: Deciding to Take Control
Sally faced rising blood sugar, 104 kg weight, and stubborn menopausal fat despite strict calorie-cutting and cardio routines. She watched traditional methods fail as her energy dipped and age-related changes increased joint sensitivity. Afraid of her prediabetes turning into type 2 diabetes, Sally searched for a program created for women over 40, knowing quick fixes hadn't delivered results.
She found the Fit Over 40 Programme, designed around the unique metabolic shifts of menopause. The curriculum included:
- Simple meal tracking using protein as a baseline, aiming for about 25–30g per meal
- Daily walking or 20-minute low-impact routines tailored for sensitive knees and joints
- Weekly meal plans using higher fiber foods (like legumes, berries, and leafy greens) and moderate, healthy fats (such as avocado, olive oil, and nuts)
- Sleep tips like consistent bedtime routines since research suggests menopause can disrupt rest
She committed to gradual changes rather than drastic diets, taking each day as a chance to reset her habits. Sally measured her progress by how her clothes fit, waist inches lost, and improvements in her energy, not only what the scale said.
**Ready for a structured plan that fits hormones after 40?
Explore Dr. Onyx’s Complete GLP-1 Optimization System → https://casadesante.com/products/dr-onyx-md-phd-complete-glp-1-optimization-system**
Sally’s story shows the impact of pivoting to a menopause-tailored approach—one that fits your body, routines, and goals as you age.
Key Takeaways
- Tracking protein and fiber intake each meal may help improve satiety and glucose balance after 40.
- Consistent low-impact movement (like daily walking) is gentle on joints and supports sustained fat loss.
- Sleep-focused routines support metabolism and mood through perimenopause and beyond.
- Personalized, slow habit changes can deliver sustainable results versus quick fixes during menopause.
FAQ
Q: Can you really reverse prediabetes after menopause?
A: Research suggests targeted lifestyle changes—balanced meals, fiber, activity, and improved sleep—may help lower blood sugar and improve A1C, especially when addressing menopause-specific shifts.
Q: How much protein is recommended per meal for women over 40?
A: Around 25–30g protein per meal—such as 4 oz chicken, 1 cup beans, or Greek yogurt with seeds—may support muscle retention and blood sugar stability.
Q: Are low-impact exercises effective for menopausal weight management?
A: Yes, daily walking or moderate resistance routines may help you steadily lose visceral fat without stressing joints, which research links to better long-term outcomes than intensive cardio.
Q: How can you handle menopause-related sleep problems when trying to lose weight?
A: Creating a consistent evening routine—avoiding screens and caffeine, keeping the bedroom cool, using blackout curtains—may help regulate sleep, which research connects to easier blood sugar management.
Q: What are GLP-1 best practices for women over 40?
A: For optimal results, use GLP-1 support with balanced meals, moderate activity, and routine tracking. For a step-by-step menopause-specific approach, see Dr. Onyx’s GLP-1 System.
Conclusion
Sally reclaimed her health by matching her plan to her hormones, habits, and menopause barriers—one step at a time.
Key Strategies Sally Used to Reverse Pre-diabetes and Lose 60 lbs
Sally’s results come from consistent behavior changes—focusing on nutrition, movement, stress, and support. Each key strategy targets menopause-specific obstacles like insulin resistance and slower metabolism.
Ready for a structured plan that fits hormones after 40? Explore Dr. Onyx’s Complete GLP-1 Optimization System → https://casadesante.com/products/dr-onyx-md-phd-complete-glp-1-optimization-system
Adopting a Balanced Diet for Blood Sugar Control
Sally prioritized a high-fiber, moderate-protein meal plan and limited added sugars and refined carbs. Research suggests that eating mostly whole foods and monitoring serving sizes (especially carbs to 1–2 per meal) may help avoid blood sugar spikes as insulin resistance rises after 40. For protein, Sally included 25–30g at each meal (chicken, fish, legumes), which supports satiety and muscle retention. Fiber sources (vegetables, berries, beans) were chosen to reach a goal of at least 25g daily. Hydration was kept above 60 oz per day to aid satiety and metabolic function. Meal prep and basic tracking (using apps or journals) gave structure, which helps neutralize cravings and evening fatigue.
Incorporating Exercise Into a Busy Routine
Exercise, tailored to joint sensitivity and time constraints, played a major role. Sally stuck to 30-minute daily movement, focusing on low-impact cardio (walking, cycling) 4–5x per week and resistance training with light weights or bands 2–3x per week. Research suggests muscle-building preserves metabolism, which declines with age. For busy days, Sally split activity into 10-minute blocks—stretching in the morning, a brisk walk after lunch, or short resistance circuits. She used reminders or paired activity with routines (like walking while on calls) to ensure consistency, a proven tactic for making exercise stick after 40.
Stress Management and Mindful Habits
Chronic stress and sleep issues often worsen insulin resistance in menopause. Sally made restorative sleep (7–8 hours) a nightly priority, using blackout curtains and sleep schedules. Mindful activities—yoga, slow breathing, or meditation—were practiced for 10–15 minutes daily, sometimes mid-afternoon, when energy dips and cravings hit. Research suggests these routines may help lower cortisol, making blood sugar control easier. To reduce overwhelm, Sally used a wind-down routine before bed, limiting screens and caffeine after 6pm. This foundation improved her ability to stay on track with meals and movement, even during hormonally challenging weeks.
Building a Support System
Accountability made Sally’s changes sustainable. She leaned on family and friends for workout partners or shared meal plans. When barriers came up, she reached out to a coach or health group for practical guidance or motivation. Weekly check-ins—either a text, call, or app-based tracker—offered quick feedback and celebration of small wins. Group support helped manage setbacks like holiday eating or sleep struggles. Research shows women over 40 may benefit from community-based programs or professional coaching tailored to menopause, improving the odds of long-term lifestyle changes.
Key Takeaways
- Tracking protein and fiber intake (aim for 25–30g protein and 25g fiber daily) may support weight loss and satiety.
- Focusing on daily low-impact movement—30 minutes split across the day—supports insulin sensitivity and preserves muscle.
- Prioritizing restorative sleep (7–8 hours) and mindful habits can help manage cravings and stress.
- Building a support network enhances accountability and resilience during menopause.
- Structured plans tailored to hormone shifts may provide the best long-term results.
FAQ
How quickly is it possible to reverse prediabetes after 40?
Timelines vary, but research suggests consistent nutrition and exercise changes may improve blood sugar within 3–6 months.
What are the best sources of protein for women in menopause?
Lean sources like chicken, fish, eggs, Greek yogurt, tofu, and legumes are effective for moderate portions (25–30g per meal).
Is low-impact exercise actually enough?
Yes, daily brisk walking, cycling, or resistance bands may help maintain muscle, metabolism, and joint health—crucial through menopause.
What should I do if menopause symptoms disrupt my sleep?
Create a pre-bed routine, use blackout curtains, limit caffeine after 6pm, and consider gentle yoga or meditation. Track which factors help you most.
What are GLP-1 best practices for women over 40?
Focus on balanced meals, regular protein, consistent movement, and stress management. For structured step-by-step support, explore Dr. Onyx’s Complete GLP-1 Optimization System.
Conclusion
Sally’s experience shows that practical, menopause-savvy changes to diet, exercise, stress, and support can enable safe, sustainable weight loss and better blood sugar control—even in your 60s.
Results: Sally’s Transformation in Her 60s
Sally, in her 60s and facing menopause symptoms, saw measurable results by making consistent, strategic changes. Over eight months, she lost 60 lbs, dropped her A1C from 6.1% (prediabetic range) to 5.4% (normal), and reduced her waist circumference by over 6 inches—all while managing common issues like joint sensitivity, fatigue, and sleep disruption.
She structured her days for maximum impact:
- Logged 30–45 minutes of daily low-impact walking, using short 10–15-minute walks post-meal to boost insulin sensitivity.
- Aimed for 90–100g protein and 30+g fiber daily in meals, favoring lean meats, legumes, and whole vegetables.
- Prepared comfort foods in low-fat versions and selected whole grains to moderate blood sugar spikes.
- Focused on 7–8 hours of restorative sleep, using sleep routines that reduced hot flashes and overnight wakefulness.
Sally used meal tracking to stay accountable, choosing foods that met macro targets and reduced added sugars. Research suggests regular activity and mindful eating may help reduce metabolic risk in menopause, especially with clear, quantifiable goals.
Ready for a structured plan that fits hormones after 40? Explore Dr. Onyx’s Complete GLP-1 Optimization System → https://casadesante.com/products/dr-onyx-md-phd-complete-glp-1-optimization-system
Individual progress was tracked by energy levels, fit of clothes, and regular biometric results. Sally’s waistline shrank, her blood pressure improved, and her cholesterol normalized—all tracked during routine check-ins.
Key Takeaways
- Measuring macros—protein and fiber—may support satiety and energy in women 60+.
- Short, daily low-impact walks can improve insulin response, even with joint discomfort.
- Modified comfort foods and sleep routines help address menopause symptoms and metabolic change.
- Structured accountability, like tracking food and activity, supports long-term success.
FAQ
How fast can A1C improve with diet and walking?
Research suggests A1C drops of 0.5–1% may develop over 3–6 months if you consistently combine high-protein, high-fiber meals with daily movement.
Is 100g protein daily safe for women in their 60s?
Most nutrition organizations consider 1–1.2g per kg body weight safe for healthy older adults. Always consult your doctor if you have kidney concerns.
What are easy high-fiber meals for busy days?
Examples include lentil soup (10g fiber per bowl), Greek yogurt with chia (8g fiber per snack), and veggie-stuffed omelets (6g fiber).
Can sleep routines specifically help menopause-related weight gain?
Research suggests cooling the bedroom, setting a sleep window, and avoiding caffeine after noon may reduce night sweats and curb stress eating.
What are GLP-1 best practices for women over 40?
Best results come from combining movement, high-fiber, low-sugar eating, and consistent sleep. For tailored support, see Dr. Onyx’s GLP-1 Optimization System.
Conclusion
Tips for Women in Menopause Facing Pre-diabetes and Weight Gain
Hormonal shifts often create new obstacles for weight loss and blood sugar control after 40. Structured approaches targeting nutrition, activity, and recovery may help reverse prediabetes and shed excess pounds, even with menopause-driven metabolic changes.
Balanced Nutrition for Menopausal Metabolism
Focus your daily meals on these principles:
- Target 90–100g protein per day to help preserve lean mass and manage cravings (e.g., 4 oz cooked chicken breast = 35g protein).
- Aim for 30–40g fiber per day using lentils, leafy greens, or chia seeds to support blood sugar and satiety.
- Limit added sugars and processed carbs; cap them at 20g/day whenever possible.
- Split meals into 3–4 portions to prevent blood sugar spikes and late-night hunger.
- Include healthy fats—avocado, olive oil, nuts—for lasting energy and hormonal support.
Activity for Sustainable Weight Loss and Insulin Sensitivity
Regular movement supports fat loss, preserves muscle, and helps regulate glucose. Many menopausal women find joint-friendly activities more sustainable.
- Take daily low-impact walks (20–30 minutes, 5–7x/week).
- Incorporate 2–3 resistance sessions weekly, using bodyweight, resistance bands, or light dumbbells.
- Add flexibility or relaxation—stretching, restorative yoga, or Pilates—2+ times/week for joint and stress support.
- Track step counts, aiming for 7,000–10,000 per day, adjusting for comfort and mobility.
Sleep and Stress: Overlooked Drivers of Success
Restful sleep and stress management may help balance blood sugar and reduce cravings, supporting a healthier metabolism.
- Maintain a consistent bedtime (within 30 min) and aim for 7–8 hours.
- Create a relaxing nighttime routine—limit screen time, dim lights, try gentle breathing.
- Practice stress-relief activities: journaling, short nature walks, or brief guided meditations.
Ready for a structured plan that fits hormones after 40? Explore Dr. Onyx’s Complete GLP-1 Optimization System → https://casadesante.com/products/dr-onyx-md-phd-complete-glp-1-optimization-system
Tailoring Changes to Your Life
If time is tight or joint issues flare, swap longer workouts for several 5–10 minute walks. Prep protein-rich snacks—like Greek yogurt or roasted chickpeas—on busy days. When peri/menopause symptoms interrupt sleep, try gentle stretching before bed or ask your provider about sleep support options.
Key Takeaways
- Meal plans with 90–100g protein and 30–40g fiber support weight and glucose goals.
- Short, frequent walks and resistance work help preserve muscle and target visceral fat.
- Restful sleep and relaxation techniques may lower cravings and improve energy.
- Tracking habits—protein, fiber, steps—provides objective feedback and motivation.
- Consistency, not perfection, leads to sustainable progress.
FAQ
Q: Can women in menopause really reverse prediabetes with diet and exercise alone?
A: Research suggests most women can reduce A1C and risk factors by losing 5–7% of body weight with balanced nutrition and movement, especially when focusing on high protein and fiber.
Q: How much protein is ideal for women 40+ managing weight and blood sugar?
A: Experts commonly recommend 1.2–1.4g per kg body weight daily if there's no medical contraindication. For women around 75 kg (165 lbs), that's about 90–105g per day.*
Q: What workouts are best for menopausal joint health and fat loss?
A: Low-impact walking and resistance bands are gentle on joints yet effective for preserving muscle and reducing visceral fat.
Q: How can GLP-1 support women over 40, and what’s the best way to use it?
A: GLP-1 strategies may help with appetite and insulin sensitivity. For best results, combine medications or supplements with a structured nutrition and movement plan, like those in Dr. Onyx’s Complete GLP-1 Optimization System.
Q: What are fast ways to boost fiber when time is limited?
A: Add 1–2 Tbsp ground flaxseed to smoothies, eat a cup of lentil soup, snack on raw veggies, or use high-fiber tortillas and cereals.
*Always check with your healthcare provider before making major changes to your diet or fitness routine.
Conclusion
Take structured action by combining protein- and fiber-rich meals, gentle daily movement, and focused rest. Track habits that fit your lifestyle and hormonal stage, using tools designed for women 40+.
Key Takeaways
- Prioritizing moderate protein (90–100g/day) and fiber (30–40g/day) supports weight loss and blood sugar stability during menopause.
- Consistent low-impact exercise, like daily walking and light resistance training, is effective and joint-friendly for women in their 60s.
- Restorative sleep routines and stress management play a crucial role in cravings control, metabolic health, and sustained energy.
- Tracking meals and daily habits increases accountability and helps tailor strategies to individual menopausal needs.
- Small, sustainable lifestyle changes outperform extreme diets, empowering long-term reversal of pre-diabetes and healthier aging.
Conclusion
Sally’s journey proves that age and menopause don’t have to stand in the way of your health goals. By tuning into your body’s needs and making steady changes, you can see real results—even in your 60s.
If you’re facing similar challenges, remember you’re not alone and lasting change is possible. Prioritize what works for your body, stay consistent, and celebrate each milestone along the way. Your healthiest years can still be ahead.
Frequently Asked Questions
Can women in their 60s reverse pre-diabetes and lose weight during menopause?
Yes, women in their 60s can reverse pre-diabetes and lose weight during menopause by making consistent lifestyle changes, such as improving nutrition, prioritizing protein and fiber, incorporating low-impact exercise, and tracking meals. Personalizing the approach to fit hormonal changes is key.
Why does menopause make weight loss and blood sugar control harder?
Menopause causes hormonal shifts—especially declining estrogen—that increase insulin resistance, slow metabolism, and can lead to weight gain, particularly around the belly. These changes make traditional weight loss and blood sugar management strategies less effective unless adapted to menopausal needs.
What are the best types of exercise for women during menopause?
Low-impact exercises, like walking, swimming, and resistance training with light weights or bands, are effective for women during menopause. These activities help manage weight, improve insulin sensitivity, and support joint and heart health while minimizing injury risk.
How much protein and fiber should menopausal women aim for?
Experts recommend menopausal women aim for 90–100g of protein and 30–40g of fiber per day. This balance helps support muscle mass, manage appetite, control blood sugar, and improve digestive health. Adjust amounts based on individual needs and consult your healthcare provider if unsure.
How does tracking meals help with weight loss and blood sugar control?
Meal tracking increases awareness of what and how much you eat, helping identify patterns and areas for improvement. Tracking protein and fiber intake can ensure you’re meeting daily goals, which supports weight loss, stable blood sugar, and lasting healthy habits.
Do you need to eliminate all carbs to reverse pre-diabetes after menopause?
You don’t need to cut out all carbs. Focus on reducing added sugars and processed foods, while including high-fiber, whole food carbohydrates like vegetables, legumes, and whole grains. These choices help stabilize blood sugar without depriving your body of essential nutrients.
Are structured programs like Fit Over 40 effective for menopausal women?
Yes, structured programs tailored to menopause—like Fit Over 40—can be effective because they address unique hormonal and metabolic changes. They often include meal planning, protein and fiber goals, low-impact workouts, and community support, which increase accountability and long-term success.
How important is sleep for managing weight and blood sugar during menopause?
Sleep is extremely important. Poor sleep affects hormone balance, increases cravings, and disrupts metabolism, making it harder to lose weight and control blood sugar. Prioritizing restorative sleep supports appetite regulation, energy levels, and overall health during menopause.
Can making small changes really make a big difference?
Absolutely. Gradual changes—such as increasing daily protein, adding fiber-rich foods, walking regularly, and getting better sleep—can cumulatively lead to significant improvements in weight, waist size, energy, and blood sugar control over time.
Should I consult a doctor before starting a new menopause-focused health program?
Yes. Always consult your doctor or healthcare provider before starting any new health program, especially if you have pre-existing conditions or take medication. They can help tailor the plan to your unique health needs and ensure safety.